【ダイアグラム】IELTSリーディング解き方の解説と練習 ⑩

こんにちは！

SOLO IELTS TOEFLのルークです！オンラインで英語を教えています。

この記事では、IELTSリーディング「ダイアグラム完成問題」の解き方の解説と練習問題を紹介します。

「ダイアグラム完成問題の解き方を知りたい方」や「リーディングが苦手な人」の参考になれば幸いです。

リーディング「ダイアグラム」

IELTSリーディングのダイアグラム完成問題は、用意されたダイアグラムの図の空欄の穴埋めをする形式です。

この問題形式で試されているスキルは、ダイアグラムとパッセージの照査、特定箇所の把握、適切な語彙選択の3つです。

単語力が凄まじい人は、パッセージを読まなくても、その知識で答えらてしまいますが、オススメはしません！

役立つ知識

IELTSリーディング、「ダイアグラム完成問題」で注意すべき点は、以下になります。

知識1. 探すべき品詞を把握する
知識2. 解答は特定のパラグラフに集中している
知識3. スキミングでパラグラフの特定をする
知識4. 特定後は精読に切り替える
知識5. 文字数の制限に注意する

一箇所に解答が集中していることが多いので、そこを特定できるかが鍵になります。

サンプル問題で練習

それでは、IELTSリーディングの「ダイアグラム完成問題」のサンプル問題を解いて練習してみましょう。

指示文

Label the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.

Elephant Communication

O’ Connell-Rodwell, a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University, has travelled to Namibia’s first-ever wildlife reserve to explore the mystical and complicated realm of elephant communication. She, along with her colleagues, is part of a scientific revolution that started almost 20 years ago. This revolution has made a stunning revelation: elephants are capable of communicating with each other over long distances with low-frequency sounds, also known as infrasounds, which are too deep for humans to hear.
As might be expected, African elephants able to detect seismic sound may have something to do with their ears. The hammer bone in an elephant’s inner ear is proportionally huge for a mammal, but it is rather normal for animals that use vibrational signals. Thus, it may be a sign that suggests elephants can use seismic sounds to communicate.
Other aspects of elephant anatomy also support that ability. First, their massive bodies, which enable them to give out low-frequency sounds almost as powerful as the sound a jet makes during takeoff, serve as ideal frames for receiving ground vibrations and transmitting them to the inner ear. Second, the elephant’s toe bones are set on a fatty pad, which might be of help when focusing vibrations from the ground into the bone. Finally, the elephant has an enormous brain that sits in the cranial cavity behind the eyes in line with the auditory canal. The front of the skull is riddled with sinus cavities, which might function as resonating chambers for ground vibrations.
It remains unclear how the elephants detect such vibrations, but O’ Connell- Rodwell raises a point that the pachyderms are ‘listening’ with their trunks and feet instead of their ears. The elephant trunk may just be the most versatile appendage in nature. Its utilization encompasses drinking, bathing, smelling, feeding and scratching. Both trunk and feet contain two types of nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure – one detects infrasonic vibration, and another responds to vibrations higher in frequencies. As O’ Connell-Rodwell sees, this research has a boundless and unpredictable future. ‘Our work is really interfaced of geophysics, neurophysiology and ecology,’ she says. ‘We’re raising questions that have never even been considered before.’
It has been well-known to scientists that seismic communication is widely observed among small animals, such as spiders, scorpions, insects and quite a lot of vertebrate species like white-lipped frogs, blind mole rats, kangaroo rats and golden moles. Nevertheless, O’Connell-Rodwell first argued that a giant land animal is also sending and receiving seismic signals. ‘I used to lay a male planthopper on a stem and replay the calling sound of a female, and then the male one would exhibit the same kind of behaviour that happens in elephants —he would freeze, then press down on his legs, move forward a little, then stay still again. I find it so fascinating, and it got me thinking that perhaps auditory communication is not the only thing that is going on.’
Scientists have confirmed that an elephant’s capacity to communicate over long distance is essential for survival, especially in places like Etosha, where more than 2,400 savanna elephants range over a land bigger than New Jersey. It is already difficult for an elephant to find a mate in such a vast wild land, and the elephant reproductive biology only complicates it. Breeding herds also adopt low-frequency sounds to send alerts regarding predators. Even though grown-up elephants have no enemies else than human beings, baby elephants are vulnerable and are susceptible to lions and hyenas attack. At the sight of a predator, older ones in the herd will clump together to form protection before running away.
We now know that elephants can respond to warning calls in the air, but can they detect signals transmitted solely through the ground? To look into that matter, the research team designed an experiment in 2002, which used electronic devices that enabled them to give out signals through the ground at Mushara. ‘The outcomes of our 2002 study revealed that elephants could indeed sense warning signals through the ground,’ O’Connell-Rodwell observes.
Last year, an experiment was set up in the hope of solving that problem. It used three different recordings—the 1994 warning call from Mushara, an anti-predator call recorded by scientist Joyce Poole in Kenya and a made-up warble tone. ‘The data I’ve observed to this point implies that the elephants were responding the way I always expected. However, the fascinating finding is that the anti-predator call from Kenya, which is unfamiliar to them, caused them to gather around, tense up and rumble aggressively as well—but they didn’t always flee. I didn’t expect the results to be that clear-cut.’

解答

以下が、解答になります。

28. hammer
29. massive
30. pad
31. sinus cavities

解答説明

解答の説明として、問いのキーワードが本文のどこにあるのか確認しましょう。

Q28. ＿＿＿＿ bones in the inner ears
パラフレーズ.
The hammer bone in an elephants inner ear is proportionally huge for a mammal

Q29. ＿＿＿＿ body
パラフレーズ.
First, their massive bodies , which enable them to give out low-frequency sounds

Q30. Toe and fatty＿＿＿＿
パラフレーズ.
Second, the elephant’s toe bones are set on a fatty pad,

Q31. Big sized brain skull with many….
パラフレーズ.
Final an enormous brain that sits in the cranial cavity behind the eyes in line with the auditory canal. The front of the skull is riddled with sinus cavities, which might function as resonating chambers for mound vibrations.

以上が、IELTSリーディング「ダイアグラム完成問題」の解き方の解説と練習問題の紹介でした。

このタイプの問題形式は、パッセージ内の各解答の距離が近いので、該当パラグラフをいち早く見つけられるかがポイントとなります！

次のレッスンでは、文章完成問題を学習します。問いの語彙が、パッセージ内で必ずパラフレーズされて出題される問題形式です。